Fundamentals of Dental Implants: Evolution, Types, and Techniques

Basics of Dental Implants

1. Definition and Function:

• Dental implants are biocompatible fixtures that replace missing teeth, supporting crowns, bridges, or dentures while mimicking natural tooth function and aesthetics.

2. Evolution of Implants:

• Originated in ancient civilizations.
• Modern implantology began with Dr. Brånemark’s discovery of osseointegration in the 1960s, with titanium as a breakthrough material.
• Continuous advancements in materials, coatings, and techniques have enhanced success rates and clinical outcomes.

3. Types of Implants:

• Endosteal Implants: Placed within the bone (most common).
• Subperiosteal Implants: Positioned above the bone for patients with minimal bone height.
• Zygomatic Implants: Used in severe bone loss, anchored in the cheekbone.

4. Design and Surface Modifications:

• Vary in shape (cylindrical, tapered), surface texture (smooth, roughened), and thread patterns to ensure biomechanical stability.
• Active surfaces promote faster bone integration, while passive surfaces rely on mechanical stability.

5. Placement Techniques:

• Delayed Implants: Placed after healing post-extraction for better soft tissue and bone recovery.
• Immediate Implants: Placed right after extraction, reducing treatment time but requiring precise planning.

6. Tilted Implants for Full-Mouth Rehabilitation:

• Angled implants like in the All-on-4®️ concept bypass anatomical limitations, minimizing grafting and expediting restoration.

7. Clinical Relevance:

• Dental implants are a durable, functional, and aesthetic solution for missing teeth, integral to modern dentistry.
• They improve oral health, quality of life, and patient confidence.

8. Pros and Cons:

• Advantages: Long-lasting, aesthetic, preserve bone, and improve function.
• Challenges: Cost, technique sensitivity, and potential complications (e.g., peri-implantitis).

This knowledge underscores the significant role of implants in advancing oral rehabilitation and comprehensive dental care.

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Dr K. S. Pandaw MDS Periodontics, Conventional & Bicortical Implantologist

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